Fig. 8

Host-response correlates with relative abundance of bacterial and viral pathogens. A Expression heatmap of bacterial upDEGs (bacterial host response genes), with samples (columns) sorted by total metatranscriptomic bacterial pathogen abundance. The associated metadata for all samples is also plotted above the heatmap. * Also shown is an outlier sample associated with a strong bacterial host response but with low detected abundance of MCAT, HFLU, or SPN. B Bacterial host response score versus metatranscriptomic bacterial pathogen abundance. The bacterial host response score was calculated as the mean expression level (Z-scores) of all the bacterial upDEG genes. C Expression heatmap of viral upDEGs (viral host response genes), with samples (columns) sorted by metatranscriptomic viral pathogen abundance. D Viral host response score versus metatranscriptomic viral pathogen abundance. The viral host response score was calculated as the mean expression level (Z-scores) of all the viral upDEG genes. E Heatmap of bacterial and viral host responses (upDEGs), where samples (columns) have been sorted into four groups based on high or low bacterial/viral pathogen abundance, with high considered as a 60th percentile or greater relative abundance. In general, samples with low bacterial and viral abundance tend to lack a bacterial/viral host response, whereas samples containing bacteria, viruses, or both displayed the appropriate response. F Jitter plots of the bacterial and viral host response scores across four categories of samples. Bacterial and viral host response scores were calculated by averaging the expression level Z-scores of all bacterial and viral upDEGs, respectively