Epigenetic timing effects on child developmental outcomes: a longitudinal meta-regression of findings from the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics Consortium

Table 1 Published epigenome-wide association studies of child developmental outcomes from PACE, jointly re-analyzed in the present study

Study	Outcome	Age	Instrument	Methylation	Model	Covariates	Meta-analysis	Sig. threshold	Birth EWAS		Childhood EWAS
Study	Outcome	Age	Instrument	Methylation	Model	Covariates	Meta-analysis	Sig. threshold	n	n_cpg	n	n_cpg
Neumann et al. (2020) [8]	ADHD	5–15	Paternal questionnaire	Beta	LMM, LM	Sex, gest. age, age^a, mat. age, mat edu., mat. smoking, cell prop., batch	HE-RE	Bonf	2477	9	2374	0
Rijlaarsdam et al. (2023) [18]	GPF	6–12	Paternal questionnaire	Beta (Trimmed)	RLM	Sex, gest. age, age, mat. age, mat. edu., mat. smoking, cell prop., ancestry, batch	FE	Bonf	2178	0	2190	1
Sammallahti et al. (2022) [19]	Sleep	4–13	Paternal questionnaire	Beta (Trimmed)	LM	Sex, age, mat. age, mat. edu., mat. smoking, cell prop., ancestry, batch	FE	FDR	3658	0	2539	0
Vehmeijer et al. (2020) [9]	BMI	2–10	Measured	Beta	RLM	Sex^b, gest age, age^b, mat. age, mat edu., mat. smoking, mat. BMI, parity, birth weight^a, breastfeeding^a, cell prop., ancestry, batch	FE	Bonf. (FDR)	4641	1 (1)	3406	1 (10)
Reese et al. (2019) [7]	Asthma	5–17	Diagnosis	Beta	Logistic	Sex, mat. age, mat. edu., mat. smoking, cell prop., batch	FE	FDR	3572	9	2834	179

^aCovariate only used in school-age analyses
^bCovariates considered in the creation of BMI standard deviation scores
ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, GPF general psychopathology factor, BMI body mass index, Age age at outcome, LMM linear mixed model, LM linear model (OLS), RLM robust linear model, Logistic logistic regression model, mat. maternal, edu. education, prop. proportion, HE-RE Han & Eskin Random Effects Model, FE fixed effects model, n_cpg number of CpG sites genome-wide significant, n sample size

ISSN: 1756-994X