Table 1 Characteristics of participants in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study followed through adolescence compared to those contributing at least one fecal sample [n (%), mean ± standard deviation, median (25 th %ile, 75 th %ile)]
From: Early-life and concurrent predictors of the healthy adolescent microbiome in a cohort study
|  | Participants followed through 12 years of age (n = 256) | Participants contributing a fecal sample (n = 167) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal serum cotinine at 16 weeks gestation | ||||
 Not exposed (< 0.015 ng/mL) | 73 (28.5) | 52 (31.1) | ||
 Second-hand smoke (0.015–3 ng/mL) | 149 (58.2) | 97 (58.1) | ||
 Active smoker (≥ 3 ng/mL) | 29 (11.3) | 15 (9.0) | ||
 Missing | 5 (2.0) | 3 (1.8) | ||
Child’s race/ethnicity | ||||
 Non-Hispanic white | 147 (57.4) | 103 (61.7) | ||
 Minoritized race/ethnicity | 109 (42.6) | 64 (38.3) | ||
Delivery mode | ||||
 Vaginal | 176 (68.8) | 118 (70.7) | ||
 Cesarean | 69 (27.0) | 46 (27.5) | ||
 Missing | 11 (4.3) | 3 (1.8) | ||
Sex assigned at birth | ||||
 Male | 113 (44.1) | 72 (43.1) | ||
 Female | 143 (55.9) | 95 (56.9) | ||
Fed exclusively human milk for at least 2Â days | ||||
 Yes | 99 (38.7) | 72 (43.1) | ||
 No | 140 (54.7) | 91 (54.5) | ||
 Missing | 17 (6.6) | 4 (2.4) | ||
Duration of human milk consumption | ||||
 ≤ 6 months | 141 (55.1) | 89 (53.3) | ||
 > 6 months | 98 (38.3) | 74 (44.3) | ||
 Missing | 17 (6.6) | 4 (2.4) | ||
Family annual income (USD) | 75,000 (35,000, 145,000) | 85,000 (45,000, 145,000) | ||
Child’s age at 12-year assessment (y) | 12.4 ± 0.7 | 12.3 ± 0.7 | ||
Child’s BMI Z-score at 12-year assessment | 0.4 ± 1.2 | 0.4 ± 1.2 | ||
Current antibiotic usea | ||||
 No | – | 163 (97.6) | ||
 Yes | – | 4 (2.4) | ||
Tanner pubic hair stage | Male | Female | Male | Female |
 Early (1, 2) | 54 (47.8) | 36 (25.2) | 40 (55.6) | 21 (22.1) |
 Mid (3) | 30 (26.5) | 42 (29.4) | 21 (29.2) | 30 (31.6) |
 Advanced (4, 5) | 28 (24.8) | 62 (43.4) | 11 (15.3) | 41 (43.2) |
 Missing | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.1) | – | 3 (3.2) |
Tanner breast stage | ||||
 Early (1, 2) | – | 31 (21.7) | – | 21 (22.1) |
 Mid (3) | – | 68 (47.6) | – | 42 (44.2) |
 Advanced (4, 5) | – | 41 (28.7) | – | 29 (30.5) |
 Missing | – | 3 (2.1) |  | 3 (3.2) |
Menarchal status | ||||
 Non-menarchal | – | 73 (51) | – | 39 (41.1) |
 Menarchal | – | 64 (44.8) | – | 55 (57.9) |
 Missing | – | 6 (4.2) | – | 1 (1.1) |
 Estradiol (pg/dL) | – | 43 (23, 64) | – | 44 (19, 65) |
 Testosterone (ng/dL) | 138 (27, 383) | – | 120 (27, 323) | – |